Vegetable oils and refinement

The adventure of oil starts as it is just a crude oil . The crude oil,which is gotten from  oil -rich seeds as result of applied process of breaking, pressing and extraction,contains triglycerides, phospholipids, unsaponifiable materials, colourful materials, free oil acids, mono peroxides, ize metals, conjugate oil acids, pesticides, proteins,aldehydes, trance oil acids hdyrocarbon , polymers, cholorophyll, vitamins, sterols, mono and diglycerides and other decomposition products gotten of natural compounds.

The quantity of impurities cased in crude oil and kinds of those impurities vary according to the climatic conditions  where vegetables  are grown along with soil type, storage conditions and treatment technology. A carefully removal of these impurities is a must so that these oils may be served for people in a health-friendly way whereby these  oils have the property that is  suitable for consumption.This is done for the refinement of oils. This removal should be executed  without harming not only the triglyceride structure of oil but also the structure of impurity which hinders the consumption.Also while executing this refinement process, natural tocopherols, which are the Pioneer molecules that antioxidan E vitamins synthesised, should not be harmed. There is triglyceride with a ratio of at least 98 percantege in most of the refined oils.This molecules is made of the combination of three oil molecules (R1,R2,R3) with glycerol.Various oil acids lead to the formation of different triglycerides and a change in the chemical properties of  those triglycerides.

On  the other hand , other kinds of oil have their own triglyceride distribution and structure.Vegatable oils offers difference thanks to the compounds included concerning their properties.Vegatables oils are important foodstuffs.They are sources of nutrituon.They hit the first and the most ratio in terms of energy supplaying  among there basic foodstuffs.(carbohydrates, proteins and fats)

Oils are among our indispensable foodstuff with their property to carry the vitamins that can dissolve in oil.They also contain  some essential molecules which cannot be synthesised in human body.Oils not only flavours foodstuff  but also are used in farinaceaus and floury products multifunctionally.Oils are used as a medium of heating and preserving foods as well as how much they are important in terms of their nurition values and health-friendly characteristics.The refinement process in oils is executed  in two methods , thats is to say ,chemical and physical one . While there are the phases of removal of phospholipids(degumming ) , removel of odour (deodorization) in chemical refinement,The phases of neutralization  and deodorization  are applied together as the last step following degumming , bleaching and winterization in physical refinement.

The vegetable oils which have been produced with the brands of NAT. dcR and KISMET under the umbrella of NADİR  oils Industry Limited Company follows the processes below in refinement plants. Refinement is executed in continual systems without any  kind of hend-touch. Any phase in refinement assigns the process technique and equipments with important properties . Nadir Oils is able to meet all product demands through applying specific business management strategies by means of the sufficiency of its equipments and its technical information of Know-How as well.In addition , The conformation of the firm with TS-EN_ISO 9000 System Standarts of Quality Management and the integration efforts of Quality Guarantee System wiht Production Process have provided the optimum control over production .

The continuity of final product quality has also been ensured thanks to the analysis made in our EN-ISO 54001 certified accredited laboratuaries  in every phases. Everything in the plants of Nadir Vegetable Cooking-oils is desingned  for a flawless and exellent production and keeping the continuity  of this flawless production.How we care about the  good health of people and  honesty are our foremost and most important principle .

Degumming

It is the first procedure that should be applied in refinement.It includes hydration of crude oil in principle .Phospholipids , proteins , gums and anhydrides can dissolve in crude oil because of their drought structure . But they lose their solubility when hydrated .Hydratable phospholipids are removed from oil easily but unhydratable phospholipids are removed through an acid treatment.

Neutralization

Free oil acid contents of the seeds , which are the raw meterial of oil , increase as result of various reasons both in Ripening Periods and the phases of producing crude oil .The removal of  these free oil acids are necessary in terms of their consumption by people in a healthy way.

The most common method applied in deacidification method is the removal of sodium soaps, which are made up as result of saponification of free  oil acids with sodium hydroxide , together  with soapstucks.Neutralization process may be applied in systems running both continuously and discontinuously.Continuous systems are applied in neutralization phase as it  is other phases in Nadir Oil Refinement Plants.The oil changed  by a thermoregulator is mixed up with a required amount of alkali(according to stoichiometry).Soapstucks are formed as a result  of this process and these soapstucks are distilled from neutral oil by means of high-speed centrifuge seperators.The soap cased  in neutral oil is removed from oil by means of another seperator with the method of washing it up with water.

Dewaxing

Oils like those of sunflower, corn and cotton-seed contain wax molecules which cannot be dissolved in room tempareture .Waxes sink in oil and results in turbidity.Oil needs an elaborate care to be able to be kept clear, bright and free from storing conditions.What should be done concerning this  issue  will be talked aboutin details below  in winterization phase . Once the quantity of wax in oil exceeds 700 ppm , the cost of standart winterization process in which waxes are removed through being filtered , increases a lot and those waxes cannot be removed thoroughly because of excessive soil consumption and oil loss.

At the same time , the quantity  of waste soil decreases in a significant rate in the winterization which  will be applied after dewaxing process.That’s why,pre-dewaxing  with centrifuge  should be applied  to be able to decrease the propertion of wax up to 50-200 ppm before filtration and winterization.

The process of dewaxing is a kind of accelerated winterization and crystallization is completed in a shorter time space than %30-50 in this process and emerging crystalls are removed from oil by centrifuge seperators.

Bleaching

The colours of oils result from included lipochromes that have special colorific qualifications. The most common  natural colorants  in vegetable oils  are alpha and beta carotone , xanthophyll and chlorophyll but  the  oils gotten  of low-quality crude materials and also stored under inanppropriate  conditions of temperature , moisture and oxygen , contain natural
Colarants together with oil- inspissating  compounds that are formed as a result of oxidative  reactions.It is particularly hard to bleach  these kinds of oil.

The most common method applied today for bleaching oils is executed  through being soaked up of the colorant pigments in oil, phospholpid residues , oxidation materials ,ize metals and soap residues by the absorbents and removal of those absorbents from oil via filtration.

Bleaching soils with high surface activation is applied in this method .This is applied under vacuum , that is to say , in an oxygen – free environment to keep oil away from oxidation  and its negative effects because the process of bleaching is carried out under high – temperature (95-100)

As the last word , the process of  bleaching  has a strong  influence  in terms of increasing stability of flavour.

Winterization

After impurities are removed from oil with the methods of degumming , neutralization , dewaxing and bleaching ; some oils contain certain compounds wich may not only tarnish oil and reduce the charm in appearance but also tend to sink under low temoerature . These compounds develop waxes ( fat alcoholes in succession ) , stearins and saturated glycerides which have high melting point in oils particularly such as those of sunflower , corn cottonseed , olive and rice according as the type of oil . The crystals formed in the oil refrigerated gradually and kept in attendance of a slow mixture under low temperature as well , are removed via filtration .This process is called winterization .Winterized soil ,that is to say ,perlit is used to start the crystallization in winterization process and improve filtration and those perlits are distilled via filtraton.

Deodorization

The purpose of this process is the removal of materials effecting oil in terms of odour , flavour, acidity and colour.The removed materials during deodorization  process can be categorized in three  goup like ;

Saponifiable materials: Free oil acids, by – glycerides , methylic esters  and  wax – like  materials.
Unsaponifiable materials: Paraffinic hydrocarbons,olefinic and polyolefinic materials, sterols and tritrphenic alcoholes

And  material formed as a result  of oxidative reactions:Aldehydes , ketones and peroxides.Unwanted odorants and colorants are tied to the chains of fat acids in the molecules of triglycerides with Van  Der Walls force. These materials have low vapour pressure under high temperature .For that reason .İt is possible to approximate the vapour pressure of these materials to an distillable pressure under low pressure (1-8 mm) to the dragging effect of vapour gotten through the directly- injected vapour into the  oil . The process of  deodorization is applied under vacuum for not only to be taken advantage  of vapour efficiently and be kept away of hot oil from atmospheric oxidation and its negative effects but also be prevented of free oil acids from formation .

The process of deodorization is carried out under the temperature of between 220 and 300 centrigrade degree. However , high temperature  leads to the izomerization of unsaturated oil acids and as a result , the formation of isomer structure and the loss of tocopherols which distillation  with vapour is applied. In addition to removal of colourant and odorant compounds , several other chemical reactions  which have  an  influence upon stability and quality of deodorized oil  is executed in deodorization process.